Gender Is A Social Construction - 849 Words

Soc 201 Section: Q Reed, Djonae Paper 1: Question C First, what is gender? What does it mean to say that gender is a social construction? Gender refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. (Macionis 2015:308) The society in which we live produces our views of what women and men are and what they are supposed to be. However, many people say that gender is â€Å"socially constructed†. Basically meaning it is constructed by society. For many decades, it has been what gender should represent and what it should look like. For instance, if someone is labeled with the gender, boy, they are supposed to wear blue, like trucks, and cars, be rough, like sports, make the most money for the family, etc. If someone is labeled with the gender, girl, then they are supposed to wear pink, like dresses, makeup, be polite, be nice, be nourishing clean the house, etc. The continuous day-to-day construction of gender has been called â€Å"doing gender†. (West /Zimmerman: 1987). According to West and Zimmerman, â€Å"Doing Gender† means to perform complex societal activities of perception, interaction and of micro-politics which define certain activities pursuing either masculine or feminine. This means that the â€Å"doing† of gender justifies social structures and thus establishes the male and female difference as natural. However, processes of doing gender aren’t only carried by individuals in society but also throughShow MoreRelatedGender And Social Construction Of Gender1230 Words   |  5 Pages‘Gender’ is a category used by all human beings to describe the state of being either male or female. Gender is often described as socially constructed which implies that it is something individuals may not be aware of. Through the social construction of a concept, meanings are created. These meanings and understandings are developed in coordination with other individuals rather than within individuals thems elves. Because all societies are different, the social construction and therefore definitionsRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1220 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 3 In the reading â€Å"The social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber she describes how gender is socially constructed. Sex is the biological difference while gender is the social and cultural meanings attached to femininity and masculinity (lecture). From the time that a child is born the doctor assigns it a gender, girl or boy, depending on its genitalia. In the reading â€Å"Naming All the Parts† it focused on how when doctors view genitalia to decide the gender they say there is a penis orRead MoreSocial Construction of Gender1183 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is â€Å"Gender† and what a â€Å"Social Construct† means. GENDER In a layman’s language, Gender is simply the distinction between male and female. However, if we look deeper in well, we will notice the gender construction starts with the association of sex category at the time of birth. Sex is the biological distinction between a man and a woman and gender is based on sex. A sex category becomes a gender status through naming, dress and the use of other gender marksRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender978 Words   |  4 PagesSociologist Peter Berger wrote in his â€Å"Invitation to Sociology† book that â€Å"social reality has layers of meaning, and the discovery of each new layer changes the perception of the whole.† (Berger 1963). Berger, as a sociologist responsible for helping create the social constructionism theory, is not just extending an invitation to sociology. He is already explaining how the world can be viewed by people who already are actively participating in society. This consciousness allows the layer of how peopleRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1000 Words   |  4 Pagesas the definition of gender and gender norms. Judith Lorber wrote an essay called, The Social Construction of Gender. The essay was included in the textbook, Women s Lives. A textbook written by Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okinawa Rey. â€Å"Women’s Lives† is a Feminist focused compilation of essays. As well as, cultur al analysis of women globally. Lorber is one of many authors who wrote essays regarding gender for â€Å"Women’s Lives. Lorber argues gender constantly changes due to social interaction. A societyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesownership of their bodies. The first article is â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber. In this essay she states that sex and gender is constructed through the society in which we live and that, â€Å"Gender is so pervasive that in our society we assume it is bred into our genes† (Lorber, 64). Lorber’s article takes the standpoint that physical gender expression is such an important topic to individuals because when the conventions of gender are shifted, â€Å"we feel socially dislocated† (65). AnRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender989 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a system of categories put in place by society in order to make each individual fit into a certain social group. It is due to societies implementation of such a system that individuals in these racial categories do not always look at each other as equals, causing a race to not always identify themselves as a homogenous front. This essay will delve into the poetry of a popular Def Jam spoken word artist Black Ice, whose piece Bigger Than Mine looks into the dualism within Black society inRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender832 Words   |  4 PagesSex, as we have learned, refers to the physical and anatomical differences between males and females. These differences are biological and unambiguous. Gender on the other hand, refers to the aspects that influence each sex and make them distinct from a social standpoint, and each of us does gender constantly. The social construction of gender has caused controversy throughout the years, and has ultimately conceived one of the most contended topics in our society of late: feminism. Feminism refersRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender957 Words   |  4 Pagesregulations in which people have to obey making social life be structured. Society has expectations for people to live by. People tend to live up to the norms in order to feel part of the world. Individuals do not want to be judged and labeled, so unconsciously live by the roles that they believe their gender has to follow. Gender is socially constructed concept in which society acts upon. The family is the first to influence individuals to this idea. Gender has roles in which boys and girls are supposedRead MoreGender Is A Social Construction1213 Words   |  5 PagesS One cannot talk about social interactions in society without talking about gender. Gender is part of According to Macionis (2015), gender is â€Å"the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male†. Most societies only view gender as being either male or female. An individual must portray their gender correctly in order to be normal in society. Meaning a woman must act feminine and a man must act masculine. However, what happens when an individual chooses

The Politics Of The Global Essay - 998 Words

INTRODUCTION â€Å"The Politics of the Global† gives us a narration of how development of international political economy happens and an understanding of globalization. Globalization is frequently analyzed independently and the author shows how globalization plays out in two multi-cultural democracies; India and USA. It portrays different political possibilities like colonial coercion, post-colonial ambivalence and post-colonial co-option that are opened by global relays of meanings, identities and power from historically different locations. Globalization also explores a variety of spaces and strategies for resisting the colonization of the global. The author identifies bureaucratic delays and red tape that happens in government of India as the same of a business man who uses technology to improve productivity and is professional in his approach. It focuses on reconstructing the state’s economy and its government using the SMART – simple, moral, accountable, responsive and t ransparent governance- argument. He characterizes globalization into three narratives; the rationalist, historical materialist and the constructivist approaches. Each narrative consists of many theories some of them disagreeing with each other but at the end of the day, each narrative is united through shared models of understanding and explanation that seeks to go beyond the international to access the global (Muppidi, 2004, p.3). CENTRAL THESIS In his book, the author brings out globalization and looks atShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Global Politics1523 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do you believe to be the most pressing issue in global politics today? â€Å"Climate change is a large-scale, long-term shift in the planet s weather patterns or average temperatures† . In 2006, Al Gore highlighted a problem hinted at for years, climate change, in his documentary The Inconvenient Truth, and this essay will explain why this problem is still the most important issue in global politics, despite receiving less coverage in world press. With major problems such as rising sea levels andRead MoreThe Internet and Global Politics832 Words   |  3 PagesAccorodng to Badie Royal (2000), they showed that the internet has affected the global politics through increasing political participation. The innovation of internet brought with itself the ability to allow people to participate in political events differently. Internet allows people to influence the government decisions via comments posted on websites and send e-mails of political contents (Ferdinand, 2000). Nowadays, many governments are launching political websites and media to seek p ublicRead MoreGlobal Politics Essay6696 Words   |  27 PagesGlobal Politics The study of international or rather global politics, seeks to provide an account of politics in the broadest domain. The domain of international politics in the twenty-first century is characterised by the increasing number of actors pursuing common and personal interests. It is largely due to the globalised, interdependent nature of the current international political environment that the concepts of sovereignty and power deserve further evaluationRead MoreTerrorism And Its Impact On Global Politics1734 Words   |  7 Pagesvery significant impact in global politics. The impact on global politics is now more significant than ever before, due to the rise of terrorist organisations such as the Islamic State and al-Qaeda. Terrorists use attacks to create chaos and fear in society, forcing global political reactions to control the threat. Fear created through the media is believed to exaggerate the global threat posed by terrorism. Terrorism is able to dramatically change the scope of global politics forcing states to reconsiderRead MoreThe Global Challenges of Comparative Politics1393 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Global Challenges of Comparative Politics Introduction to Comparative Politics-Studies how different countries both shape and are shaped by the world. 1989,2001, and 2008 define the current era of world politics-describes a particular important moment; critical juncture. A frequently cited date is 1989, when the Berlin wall was dismantled. 1989 ushered in three important changes. Marked the end of a bipolar world-marked the emergence of a unipolar world. Marked the triumphRead MoreInternational Relations And Global Politics2443 Words   |  10 PagesKegley and Raymond stated: â€Å"The shape of the world’s future will be determined not only by changes in the objective conditions of world politics, but also by the meanings people ascribe to these conditions.† Terrorism is presently a major factor in international relations and has impacted the world to change in many significant ways. Terrorism is a political ideology that has been problematic in defining definitely because of its various interpretations around the world, as well as the fact thatRead MoreConceptualizing Global Environmental Politics Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing global environmental politics insofar as the resolution of such problems as global warming, the hole in the ozone layer, the loss of biodiversity, and many other transnational environmental issues rests upon some sort of consensus among extremely diverse groups. These are considered gl obal problems not only because of their apocalyptic potential but they are also unique in that the â€Å"terrain where they occur [is] property that could be claimed by everyone or by no one. They [are] global alsoRead MoreThree Major Problems of Global Politics1131 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam Paper Decision-making is a complex process that is influenced by many different factors. Three major factors that affect global politics today include free-ridership, groupthink, and shadow of the past. These are problems that are central to scholars of I.R., and serve as obstacles to achieving cooperation among countries. To better understand the impact of these issues, it will be necessary to assess why each is important, and the theories that offer the best explanations of their presenceRead More Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay5822 Words   |  24 PagesOzone and Global Environmental Politics A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly dangerous to all the organisms within the Earths ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects the immune system, and harms plant and animal lifeRead MoreA Brief Note On Film And Global Politics2330 Words   |  10 PagesAndrea LoPiccolo Film and Global Politics Due: April 29, 2015 Final Paper Income Inequality in Latin America: Cause and Effect When a young Che Guevara embarked on his motorcycle trip across Latin America, he meant to discover himself and explore the world. Instead, he discovered much more than he ever expected to and it completely changed his views on the economic and social status of Latin America. He discovered the truth of working conditions, the poverty in certain areas and the effect that

Reflection Of A Reflection On Academic Skills - 1046 Words

REFLECTION-ACADEMIC SKILLS When the word reflection is mentioned, the first thought is a mirror-like image of yourself. This is to define your own perception of the acceptable and poor quality within yourself. Taking action of the weaknesses and developing my skills to improve me around everyone, (Stadter, 2015). Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), a framework for students to resolve problems in assignments, step by step, I will reflect on my own problems, (UK Essays, 2013). My previous goal was to study in a university and now that I have accomplished that goal, my next goal is to complete the course with a strong grade. But the reality of achieving the Foundation Degree is a much harder concept than what I first thought, having†¦show more content†¦Experience-reflection-knowledge Pawar and Anscombe, (2015), has mentioned Dewey (1933) is a great example of how planning ahead is a step towards better success rather than dwelling on the past problems. Implementing Dewey s theory into my assignment, assist ing my understanding of how to support ideas with evidence such as deciding whether I have included all the information needed, the author/publisher or whether I have referenced continuously throughout the assignments. When previously writing assignments I need to consider how well it was written, learning from the mistakes, understanding the feedbacks and setting out times to do better next time (Percival 2006). While referencing is a struggle for me to apply, Kell and Vogl (2010) stated that overcoming referencing can be done by reading different books, journals, and articles of interest. Subsequently, after analysing the problem, I realised I try to be a perfectionist, causing a hindrance in producing assignments. I need to start believing in myself much more and be more inspired, as Percival, (2006) has mentioned that being too sensitive will block your progress, by doing time-bound goals and starting the assignment rather than thinking about the purpose. Percival (2006), has also said putting our energy into the solution rather than the problem will be an advantage to our mindset. Realisation of putting a pen to the paper to start, a draft can beShow MoreRelatedReflection Of A Reflection On Academic Skills1043 Words   |  5 PagesREFLECTION-ACADEMIC SKILLS When the word reflection is mentioned, the first thought is a mirror like image of yourself. This is to define your own perception of the good and bad quality within yourself. Taking action of the weaknesses and developing my skills to improve myself around everyone, (Stadter, 2015). Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), a framework for students to resolve problems in assignments, step by step, I will reflect on my own problems, (UK Essays, 2013). My previous goal wasRead MoreReflection on the development of academic and professional skill in year one1573 Words   |  7 Pages Reflection on the development of academic and professional skill in year one In this paper I am going to reflect on my professional and academic skills development throughout my first year at University. I began this course as a mature student hungry for education and a fresh challenge. During semester two, I found university quite hard as I am currently having family problems; as a result I had to learn to balance university life, part time job and regular trips back home (and that is Bulgaria)Read MoreReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a1600 Words   |  7 PagesReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a wonderful opportunity to discover my abilities and develop skills and confidence in critical thinking and systematic research processes. Especially, getting an A+ for a psychology report assignment and genuinely enjoying the process have given me a sense of competence in performing similar tasks such as planning and conducting experiments, analysing results, and evaluating research processes. AfterRead More1. Introduction. Reflective Practice Is A Key Part Of Working1646 Words   |  7 Pagespractice of experiencing situations and then reflecting on them, which is how clinicians may enhance their knowledge and skills and, thus, maintain their competence throughout their career as a practicing therapist (RCSLT, 2003). It is through this reflective practice that an SLT can progress â€Å"from novice to expert† (Tarrant, 2013; p3). Furthermore, reflective practice is a skill which itself con tinues to be developed. Reflective practice and professional development are intrinsically linked; a clinicianRead MorePRS Coursework 11224 Words   |  5 PagesMANAGEMENT BSM 160: PERSONAL AND RESEARCH SKILLS (FULL TIME) MOIRA BAILEY 1415792 CINDY OMARI WORD COUNT: 1,051 This reflective paper aims at analyzing my learning experience in the Personal and Research Skills module and how these experiences are likely to help both my post graduate study at The Robert Gordon University and my future career. During my post graduate studies at The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Personal and Research Skills was one of the four modules I took in theRead MoreReflective Writing1241 Words   |  5 PagesHow do I . . . Write a Reflection? Why reflective writing? Reflection offers you the opportunity to consider how your personal experiences and observations shape your thinking and your acceptance of new ideas. Professors often ask students to write reading reflections. They do this to encourage you to explore your own ideas about a text, to express your opinion rather than summarise the opinions of others. Reflective writing can help you to improve your analytical skills because it requiresRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Nursing Practice1074 Words   |  5 PagesNursing philosophy My philosophy of nursing practice is being kind to others. I use my knowledge and skills to help people. I also respect patients’ preferences, values and choices even though they differ from mine. I will try to understand and show empathy to my patients through seeing them beyond their illness and provide holistic and culturally sensitive care. Nursing is not just a job that looks after the sickness, rather, it is about the humanity, about being a human for another human. As aRead MorePersonal Development and Learning Essay example897 Words   |  4 Pagesyears from now, but the process begins here in PDP 150 as students learn to apply their new reflective skills in developing of an effective portfolio. The reflective essay provides the opportunity to describe and document one’s growth as a person during this time in a student’s life, and the key to understanding the task is to emphasize the term â€Å"reflective.† In PDP 150, students learn that reflection can sometimes be confused with words such as â€Å"reaction† or â€Å"response.† Through the many reflectiveRead MoreBusiness1053 Words   |  5 Pages3028MKT STRATEGIC MARKETING SIMULATION CRITICAL REFLECTION FEEDBACK Definition Reflective learning is an understanding and a disposition that a student builds across the curriculum and co-curriculum, from making simple connections among ideas and experiences to synthesising and transferring learning to new, complex situations within and beyond the campus. Task The Critical Reflection offers students the opportunity to critically reflect on their learning experiences both in the course and acrossRead MoreReflective Reflection1266 Words   |  6 Pagescritically evaluate key academic sources linked with reflective practice, these include models by Gibbs, Kolb and Schon. One of these reflective models will be used to provide a critical analysis of my experience on the Study Skills and Employability module. Critical reflection will be included on how I felt during the module and what I have learnt from the module as well as what I would do next time if I was to repeat the module again. Reflection/ Reflective practice Reflection involves looking back

Movie Rabbit Proof Fence - 900 Words

Elyse 1 New Jersey City University Prof: Lisette Cultural Class Movie: Rabbit Proof Fence Through research, you can learn that postcolonial discourse is an â€Å"academic discipline that analyzes the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.† It is made up of theories found amongst â€Å"history anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, film, political science, architecture, human geography, sociology, Marxist theory, feminism, religious and theological studies, and literature.† An understanding of postcolonial discourse could be what colonized societies handed down to succeeding generations after them that has become significant to their culture. In the movie â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence,† the health of the girls was affected by colonialist attitudes within the culture. The story was about three young half caste girls who were forced to live in by the English government. The three young girls were half caste children which means they were Aboriginal children who were fathered by white Englishmen. The Aborigines were portrayed in the movie as an inferior race. The officials felt that these children were in a different level of society above from other Aboriginal children because they had English blood in them. It was portrayed that were smarter and because of that were more educable than pure-blooded Aborigines, but they were not better than the full blooded EnglishShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Rabbit Proof Fence1502 Words   |  7 Pagessee me after he failed to recapture two runaway girls. This job failure has him concerned about his daughters and his own futures, and as a result he is experiencing depression. Historical Background The movie Rabbit-Proof Fence (Noyce, 2002) based on the book Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence (Garimara, 1996), establishes the true story of the authors mother, the protagonist Molly. Both the film and novel are consistent when demonstrating key themes and ideas that occurred during the period. TheseRead MoreRabbit Proof Fence Comparison Between Movie and Book1340 Words   |  6 PagesRabbit Proof Fence has been published both as a book and as a movie. Being a reader or a viewer entirely changes our point of view on the story. As a reader, we get descriptive insight on the situations and emotions of the characters. We are then able to re-create these visually using our imagination and have endless freedom doing so. As a viewer, our creativity is somewhat restricted. We do not imagine the characters’ physical appearance, the locations or the overall situations in the same way asRead MoreThe Concept Of Tracking Is An Essential Skill To The Aboriginal1564 Words   |  7 Pagess ignificant role in Aboriginal history because it molded the relationship between the Aboriginals and the white settlers. In the movie adaptation of the novel Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence, the tracker illustrates how perceptions of trackers can transform by witnessing the struggle of the tracker living in both white society and aboriginal culture. Therefore, in both the movie and the novel, tracking demonstrates how it has impacted the history of Australia and helped shaped the image of Australia inRead MoreRabbit Proof Fence Essay672 Words   |  3 PagesRabbit-Proof Fence Summary: An overview of the ways in which the film Rabbit-Proof Fence conveys the importance of home, family, and country to indigenous peoples. The film Rabbit-Proof Fence conveys the importance of home and country to indigenous peoples. The director Phillip Noyce refers to home in different ways. He has symbolised home by repeatedly showing images of the Spirit Bird and the Rabbit Proof Fence, since it is a connection to their home. The movie shows Mollys determinationRead MoreEssay on Rabbit Proof Fence1109 Words   |  5 PagesRabbit Proof Fence in the context of Australian identity: In the introductory lecture our attention was focused on a number of core themes which run throughout the course. One such theme was the concept of a nation and the way in which cultural products of the nation shape our sense of identity. Rabbit Proof Fence is an important film to examine within this context as it is the first international film to examine the issue of Australias Stolen Generation. The film brought the story of theRead MorePhysical Journey2166 Words   |  9 Pagesphysical journey, they become a trigger for and inner journey that allows us to celebrate who we are and what we have become due to the many hardships we’ve endured on the journey. These assumptions are what make up physical journeys; text such as Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce, and Journeys over Land and Seas From the book of Stimulus, as well as my related materials The Road from Vietnam by Shelley Saywell and Family Footsteps: Kwaku’s Story Broadcasted by ABC TV, November 2, 2006, all are powerfulRead MoreSymbolism In The Rabbit Proof Fence842 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, Rabbit Proof Fence, directed by Phillip Noyce, tells the story about three young aboriginals girls’ name, Molly, Daisy, and Gracie, who were taken away from their families and homes to be brought up in white society. The girls are related; two sisters and a cousin. The story reveals the struggles the girls encounters while trying to run away from Moore River, which is a settlement camp where half-caste native (children with both white and Native parents) children are educated on how toRead MoreRabbit Proof Fence1412 Words   |  6 PagesRabbit Proof Fence (2002) â€Å"Three little girls. Snatched from their mothers arms. Spirited 1,500 miles away. Denied their very identity. Forced to adapt to a strange new world. They will attempt the impossible. A daring escape. A run from the authorities. An epic journey across an unforgiving landscape that will test their very will to survive. Their only resources, tenacity, determination, ingenuity and each other. Their one hope, find the rabbit-proof fence that might just guide them home. ARead MoreA O Neville1279 Words   |  6 PagesDoes the movie present Mr. A.  O. Neville as a liberator or as a jailer? The Australian movie â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence† presents a sensational story about three half-caste young girls who escape from the settlement Moore River where in which they were abducted and taken to. The movie reveals the racism that took place between white Australians and Australia’s Aboriginal people. The movie clearly portrays Mr. A O Neville as a racial activist. Mr. A O Neville did what we thought was right. He did what theRead MoreThe Rabbit Proof Fence By Philip Noyce1665 Words   |  7 PagesPhilip Noyce`s film ‘The Rabbit Proof Fence’ (2002) and Jill Ker Conway`s autobiography ‘The Road From Coorain†(1989), discuss and compare many of the same themes which express the importance of ‘home’, and its significance to the protagonists of the texts. The Rabbit Proof Fence follows the journey of three young indigenous girls who were taken from their homes in 1931, as apart of the stolen generation. Conway’s autobiograp hy is a personal reflection of her up brining in rural Australia, and how

Loyalty Shown In The Odyssey Essay Example For Students

Loyalty Shown In The Odyssey Essay Loyalty to family, community, and the gods is an important quality in the lives of ancient Greek citizens. These qualities are clear demonstrated in The Odyssey through Penelope, Telemakhos, and Odysseus. Penelope shows her loyalty in several ways. She shows loyalty to Odysseus by waiting for his return for twenty long years. She did not choose a suitor until she knew for sure that Odysseus was dead. To delay the decision of choosing a suitor, Penelope said she would marry a suitor after she had finished weaving her shroud. She showed that she was weaving the shroud during the day, but at night, when it got dark she secretly unwove it. That is how Penelope shows her loyalty to her family. Telemakhos also shows loyalty to his family and community in various ways. He shows loyalty to the community by welcoming strangers to his home with feasts and gifts. He shows loyalty to his family by risking his life on the search for the knowledge of Odysseus situation. He journeys to Pylos and Sparta to seek news of his father whether he is dead or lost. This shows loyalty to Odysseus because he risks his life to know of his well being. This also shows loyalty to Penelope by journeying to Pylos and Sparta, even though his path may be dangerous, just so he can find knowledge of Odysseus and ease his mothers pain. He also shows loyalty to Penelope by trying to protect her and keeping the suitors away from her. During the final battle, Telemakhos shows loyalty to his father by fighting side by side with him against the suitors even though he knows he might die in battle. Odysseus shows loyalty like Telemakhos and Penelope to the gods and his family. Odysseus is a man that can be described as tenacious. He is always focused on one objective and that is to get home. He is persistent and overcomes any temptation that gets in his way. An example of this is when he is with the beautiful nymph Kalypso. She offers him immortality to stay with her and leave his thoughts for home but he gave it all up for his family and home. He never gave up hope and continued to trudge his way back home. He also shows loyalty to the god by not cursing them for all the harmful events that occur during his journey home. This book shows many clear examples of loyalty in the ancient Greek society. Loyalty was an important quality and to be disloyal meant death for the ancient Greeks. This is shown through the women who were disloyal and slept with the suitors. By Odysseus command they would be hung like doves or larks in springes triggered in a thicket. In conclusion, loyalty is shown throughout this book and is considered very important to the ancient Greeks. .

Monasticism In The Middle Ages Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Monasticism In The Middle Ages Argumentative Essay During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the monasteries served as one of the great civilizing forces by being the centers of education, preservers of learning, and hubs of economic development. Western monasticism was shaped by Saint Benedict of Nursia, who in 529, established a monastery in southern Italy. He created a workable model for running a monastery that was used by most western monastic orders of the Early Middle Ages. To the three vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity, which formed the foundation of most of the old monasteries, he added the vow of manual labor. Each monk did some useful work, such as, plowing the fields, planting and harvesting the grain, tending the sheep, or milking the cows. Others worked at various trades in the workshops. No task was too lowly for them. Benedicts rules laid down a daily routine of monastic life in much greater detail than the preceding rules appear to have done (Cantor 167-168). Schwartz 2The monks also believed in learning, and for centuries had the only schools in existence. The churchmen were the only people who could read or write. Most nobles and kings could not even write their names. The monastery schools were only available to young nobles who wished to master the art of reading in Latin, and boys who wished to study to become priests (Ault 405). The monasteries played a part as the preservers of learning. Many monks busied themselves copying manuscripts and became medieval publishing houses. They kept careful calendars so that they could keep up with the numerous saints days, and other feast days of the medieval church. The monks who kept the calendar often jotted down, in the margins, happenings of interest in the neighborhood or information learned from a traveler. Most of the books in existence, during the Middle Ages, were produced by monks, called scribes. These manuscripts were carefully and painstakingly handwritten. When the monks were writing, no one was allowed to speak, and they used sign language to communicate with each other. The books were written on vellum, made from calfs skin, or parchment, made from sheeps skin. The scribes used gothic letters, that were written so perfectly, they looked as if they were printed by a press. Many of the books were elaborately ornamented with gold or colore! d letters. The borders around each page were decorated with garlands, vines, or flowers. After the books were written, they were bound in leather or covered with velvet. The monks copied Schwartz 3bibles, hymns, and prayers, the lives of the saints, as well as the writings of the Greeks and Romans and other ancient peoples. The scribes added a little prayer at the end of each book, because they felt that god would be pleased with their work. Without their efforts, these stories and histories would have been lost to the world. The monks became the historians of their day by keeping a record of important events, year by year. It is from their writings that we derive a great deal of knowledge of the life, customs, and events of the medieval times (Ault 158). Medieval Europe made enormous economic gains because of the monks. They proved themselves to be intelligent landlords and agricultural colonizers of Western Europe. A very large proportion of the soil of Europe, in the Middle Ages, was wasteland. There were marshes and forests covering much of the land. The monasteries started cultivating the soil, draining the swamps, and cutting down the forests. These monastic communities attracted settlements of peasants around them because the monastery offered security. Vast areas of land were reclaimed for agricultural purposes. The peasants copied the agricultural methods of the monks. Improved breeding of cattle was developed by the monastic communities. Many monasteries were surrounded by marshes, but their land became fertile farms. The monasteries became model farms and served as local schools of agriculture. Farming was a chief economic activity of the monasteries. .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .postImageUrl , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:hover , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:visited , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:active { border:0!important; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:active , .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b0e9a1a17a8bd9b56dede2ae80a85fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aj Davis Course Project Parts a and B EssayThey sold the excess that they grew in the marketpla! e, and this drew them into trade and commerce. Schwartz 4They sold hogs, charcoal, iron, building stone, and timber. This made them into the centers of civilization. Many monasteries conducted their market during patron saints day, and for several days or weeks after it. The aim was to buy and sell at a time when the greatest number of people assembled. Many times, the merchandise sold was not actually present at the market, but the buyer had to travel to another monastery to get it. No deferred payments or partial payments were allowed. Articles could not be bartered or exchan ged for other articles. The prevalence of a money economy made this rule enforceable (Dahmus 322). In theory, the monasteries were supposed to use the gains of disposing of their surplus for religious purposes These religious orders did vast amounts of charitable work and built beautiful buildings during this period. The monasteries heaped up vast treasures as a result of their personal activity. In many monasteries, only a small part of the land was cultivated by the monks. The remainder was allotted out to laborers, dairymen, foresters, and serfs, who paid their dues and rents in kind. Some of the articles received were eggs, cheese, mustard, shingles, posts, kegs, and casks. Many women spun and wove linen cloth, and sewed garments for the monks. Serfs tilled the fields and cultivated the vines. The monasteries had their trade well organized. They knew all of the paths and shortcuts on the highways. They built warehouses to hold their merchandise. They also started the practice of using agents to sell their products. Many monasteries were built on the Schwartz 5banks of navigable rivers, and this added to the development of their capabilities. Almost all of the monasteries received immunity from tolls along the highways and rivers. As the monasteries entered more and more into trade, as means of increasing their incomes, they established markets at convenient points between their monastery and other dependent holdings. The monasteries came into the possession of widely scattered lands as a result of donations. As their possessions became widely dispersed, it became difficult to maintain a strong central organization to manage their holdings and to keep them profitable to the monastery. Many times, the monasteries exchanged possessions of their widely scattered properties for those that were more centrally located. Often, exchanges were difficult to accomplish because the donations were given with a stipulation that the monastery had to retain the land in its possession (Thompson 663). Many artisans were employed at the monasteries. They manufactured utensils and articles that were the by-products of agriculture, like harnesses, saddles, shoes, and woolen goods. Many times, these artisans lived in quarters outside of the monastery walls. Fine arts were also represented by craftsmen living in the monastery. There were many skilled men practicing their trades, such as wood and stone carvers, guilders, painters, goldsmiths, silversmiths, and parchment makers. Because the monks enjoyed many privileges and exemptions, they were Schwartz 6able to produce articles of manufacture at a cost far below those of regular artisans and merchants (Lacroix 301). We have observed in the history of the development of the monastic economic system that there are successive stages. At first, the monasteries were agricultural colonies; then they began to market their produce; then to manufacture commodities. As the economic and social life of Europe grew more complex, the monasteries looked for new forms of investments. They developed a mortgage and loan business and became the earliest banking corporation of the middle ages. Although the Church prohibited the charging of interest, the monasteries argued that they were a corporation, not a person, so no sin was attached to the taking of interest. The loans made always carried a high collateral so the monastery made a handsome profit, even in the event of a default. .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .postImageUrl , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:hover , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:visited , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:active { border:0!important; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:active , .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9975309e7400e1d6ecb0d685d4b7c33a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HIV: The Search For A Vaccine EssayMany times, the person borrowing the money was required to make a gift apart from the collateral he had to put up. When the loan was paid back by the borrower, he was also expected to make an additional gift. The loa! ns made by the monasteries were usually short term, and the borrower would have trouble repaying it. Frequently, the monastery would cancel the loan, and the land held as security would go to the monastery. As the loan business grew, the monasteries were compelled to seek the assistance of trained officials to handle various transactions. Jews were hired for this purpose, since they were skilled money-changers and brokers of this period. This was a Schwartz 7natural transition from making profits in markets and trade to actual banking (Hartman 213). In conclusion, the monasteries offered many important services to the regions in which they were located. The monks and monasteries offered the leadership, that society needed, that could only come from the Church. They provided examples of order and discipline, preserved classical works, and taught reading and writing. The scribes did a great service to civilization, for through their work, many valuable books are preserved for us today, that otherwise might have been lost to the world. Monasteries were educational and economic centers in the areas in which they were established. They had a profound influence in the development of the society of the time. They acted as centers of agriculture and trade. Monasticism, which had begun as a flight from the civilized world, became, not only an integral part of society, but a great civilizing force of their time.